Primer3 pick primers from a DNA sequence (see ) | disclaimer |  | source code
`` cautions |

Paste source sequence below (5'->3', string of ACGTNacgtn -- other letters treated as N -- numbers and blanks ignored). FASTA format ok. Please N-out undesirable sequence (vector, ALUs, LINEs, etc.) or use a Mispriming Library (repeat library): ``

Pick left primer or use left primer below. | Pick hybridization probe (internal oligo) or use oligo below. | Pick right primer or use right primer below (5'->3' on opposite strand).

Sequence Id: |  | A string to identify your output.
Targets: |  | E.g. 50,2 requires primers to surround the 2 bases at positions 50 and 51. Or mark the source sequence with [ and ]: e.g. ...ATCT[CCCC]TCAT.. means that primers must flank the central CCCC.
Excluded Regions: |  | E.g. 401,7 68,3 forbids selection of primers in the 7 bases starting at 401 and the 3 bases at 68. Or mark the source sequence with < and >: e.g. ...ATCT<CCCC>TCAT.. forbids primers in the central CCCC.

Product Size Ranges
Click here to specify the min, opt, and max product sizes only if you absolutely must. Using them is too slow (and too computationally intensive for our server).

Number To Return: |  | Max 3' Stability: |
Max Mispriming: |  | Pair Max Mispriming: |

### General Primer Picking Conditions

Primer Size | Min: | Opt: | Max:
Primer Tm | Min: | Opt: | Max: | Max Tm Difference:
Product Tm | Min: | Opt: | Max:
Primer GC% | Min: | Opt: | Max:

Max Self Complementarity: |  | Max 3' Self Complementarity: |
Max #N's: |  | Max Poly-X: |
Inside Target Penalty: |  | Outside Target Penalty: |  | Set Inside Target Penalty to allow primers inside a target.
First Base Index: |  | CG Clamp: |
Salt Concentration: |  | Annealing Oligo Concentration: |  | (Not the concentration of oligos in the reaction mix but of those annealing to template.)

Liberal Base | Show Debuging Info

### Other Per-Sequence Inputs

Included Region: |  | E.g. 20,400: only pick primers in the 400 base region starting at position 20. Or use { and } in the source sequence to mark the beginning and end of the included region: e.g. in ATC{TTC...TCT}AT the included region is TTC...TCT.
Start Codon Position: |

### Sequence Quality

Min Sequence Quality: |  | Min End Sequence Quality: |  | Sequence Quality Range Min: |  | Sequence Quality Range Max: |

### Objective Function Penalty Weights for Primers

Tm | Lt: |  | Gt: |
Size | Lt: |  | Gt: |
GC% | Lt: |  | Gt: |

Self Complementarity |
3' Self Complementarity |
#N's |
Mispriming |
Sequence Quality |
End Sequence Quality |
Position Penalty |
End Stability |

### Objective Function Penalty Weights for Primer Pairs

Product Size | Lt: |  | Gt: |
Product Tm | Lt: |  | Gt: |

Tm Difference |
Any Complementarity |
3' Complementarity |
Pair Mispriming |
Primer Penalty Weight |
Hyb Oligo Penalty Weight |

### Hyb Oligo (Internal Oligo) Per-Sequence Inputs

Hyb Oligo Excluded Region: |

### Hyb Oligo (Internal Oligo) General Conditions

Hyb Oligo Size: | Min | Opt | Max
Hyb Oligo Tm: | Min | Opt | Max
Hyb Oligo GC% | Min: | Opt: | Max:

Hyb Oligo Self Complementarity: |  | Hyb Oligo Max 3' Self Complementarity: |
Max #Ns: |  | Hyb Oligo Max Poly-X: |
Hyb Oligo Mishyb Library: |  | Hyb Oligo Max Mishyb: |
Hyb Oligo Min Sequence Quality: |
Hyb Oligo Salt Concentration: |  | Hyb Oligo DNA Concentration: |

### Objective Function Penalty Weights for Hyb Oligos (Internal Oligos)

Hyb Oligo Tm | Lt: |  | Gt: |
Hyb Oligo Size | Lt: |  | Gt: |
Hyb Oligo GC% | Lt: |  | Gt: |

Hyb Oligo Self Complementarity |
Hyb Oligo #N's |
Hyb Oligo Mishybing |
Hyb Oligo Sequence Quality |

## Copyright Notice and Disclaimer

Copyright (c) 1996,1997,1998, 2004 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

1. Redistributions must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. Redistributions of source code must also reproduce this information in the source code itself.
2. If the program is modified, redistributions must include a notice (in the same places as above) indicating that the redistributed program is not identical to the version distributed by Whitehead Institute.
3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software must display the following acknowledgment:

   > This product includes software developed by the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.

4. The name of the Whitehead Institute may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

We also request that use of this software be cited in publications as

> Steve Rozen and Helen J. Skaletsky (2000) Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In: Krawetz S, Misener S (eds) Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 365-386
> Source code available at http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/primer3_code.html.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE WHITEHEAD INSTITUTE ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE WHITEHEAD INSTITUTE BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

## Acknowledgments

The development of Primer3 and the Primer3 web site was funded by Howard Hughes Medical Institute and by the National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute. under grants R01-HG00257 (to David C. Page) and P50-HG00098 (to Eric S. Lander).

We gratefully acknowledge the support of Digital Equipment Corporation, which provided the Alphas which were used for much of the development of Primer3, and of Centerline Software, Inc., whose TestCenter memory-error, -leak, and test-coverage checker we use regularly to discover and correct otherwise latent errors in Primer3.

Primer3's design is heavily based on an earlier implementation of a similar program: Primer 0.5 (Steve Lincoln, Mark Daly, and Eric S. Lander). Lincoln Stein championed the idea of making the Primer3 engine a software component.

Web software provided by Steve Rozen and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.

    (primer3_www.cgi v 0.2)